What you are seeing is known as Remarketing/Retargeting. This has been made possible on Facebook due to a service started by the company back in 2012 called Facebook Exchange (FBX)
What is Facebook Exchange?
It is an ad exchange started by Facebook in 2012. The platform allows advertisers to target users with highly relevant ads based on their browsing habits. From Business Insider:
FBX is a real-time bidding ad exchange in which advertisers drop tracking cookies on users' browsers as they surf the web -- shopping, for instance -- and then retarget those users with ads once they enter Facebook, perhaps to remind them to come back to the sites they were shopping on.
How does this apply to your case?
Some ads you see on Facebook are posted using this Exchange platform. Let's use a scenario to understand this:
You are planning to buy a new laptop. You go on Apple's website and sift through their catalog. The website would place a cookie on your device. Advertisers can just specify on Facebook Exchange that users with a cookie from Apple's website be shown an ad from Apple.
So, when you log into Facebook, you would be shown an ad from Apple. It does not matter that you were logged out of Facebook when you visited Apple's website. The ad will be shown based on your browsing habits outside of Facebook. In a sense, Facebook might not even know that you visited Apple's website, as the ads are created using your data (using tracking cookies) compiled by the advertisers. In addition, you might see the same ad on other websites, too (not just on Facebook), as the same advertisers engage with different ad exchanges.
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